Environmental impacts of an imidacloprid- containing formulation: from soils to waters
نویسندگان
چکیده
El pesticida neonicotinoide imidacloprid se encuentra entre los agroquímicos más vendidos en todo el mundo. Debido a su amplio uso en mezclas con diferentes disolventes y co-adyuvantes, estudiar el impacto ambiental de las formulaciones comerciales derivadas se ha convertido en obligatorio. En este estudio se utilizaron ensayos ecotoxicológicos de laboratorio para cuantificar el impacto del Confidor® 20SL (formulación que contiene imidacloprid) en los compartimentos terrestre y acuático. Los efectos letales y subletales de las dosis recomendadas de aplicación del producto fueron evaluadas en los invertebrados terrestres Eisenia foetida y Folsomia candida mientras que la toxicidad de los lixiviados de los suelos contaminados se evaluó en los organismos acuáticos modelo Daphnia magna y Raphidocelis subcapitata (anteriormente Selenastrum capricornutum). La exposición a concentraciones ambientalmente relevantes de imidacloprid no causó mortalidad en las lombrices de tierra (CL50 de 4.23 mg de imidacloprid por kg de suelo seco) pero alteró los patrones de comportamiento y reproducción (valores de CE50 de 0.43 y 1.40 mg de imidacloprid por kg de suelo seco en los ensayos de alejamiento y reproducción respectivamente). Los efectos en los colémbolos F. candida fueron despreciables. El imidacloprid presentó una lixiviabilidad moderada, con tasas de recuperación en los extractos acuosos que fueron del 25.4 al 50.4% de la cantidad presente en los suelos y concentraciones de 13.05 a 71.8 μg por litro. Las pruebas estándar de ecotoxicidad acuática no fueron capaces de detectar toxicidad aguda o crónica en los organismos de ensayo. Sin embargo, las concentraciones de insecticida en los extractos fueron lo suficientemente grandes como para representar una amenaza letal para otros organismos acuáticos no estándar.
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